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This article uses concepts from this brilliant paper. For a deeper understanding of the mathematics please refer to the paper. Here we try to present the math in a more intuitive and explicit way, with some important nuances highlighted. 1 Introduction Discussions about Backpropagation often say we use the ‘chain rule’ to derive the gradient […]

In the previous posts, we explored Part I of the seminal book Reinforcement Learning by Sutton and Barto [1] (*). In that section, we delved into the three fundamental techniques underlying nearly every modern Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm: Dynamic Programming (DP), Monte Carlo methods (MC), and Temporal Difference Learning (TD). We not only discussed algorithms

“It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” – Charles Darwin, Originator of Evolutionary Theory Not long ago, I came across an article about a CEO, who was visibly frustrated with their company’s new AI assistant. The system could draft nice emails

Introduction The invention of ViT (Vision Transformer) causes us to think that CNNs are obsolete.  But is this really true? It is widely believed that the impressive performance of ViT comes primarily from its transformer-based architecture. However, researchers from Meta argued that it’s not entirely true. If we take a closer look at the architectural design,

Introduction Generative AI is one of the most popular terms we hear today. Recently, there has been a surge in generative AI applications involving text, image, audio, and video generation. When it comes to image creation, Diffusion models have emerged as a state-of-the-art technique for content generation. Although they were first introduced in 2015, they have

As analysts, we are usually monitoring metrics. Quite often, metrics change. And when they do, it’s our job to figure out what’s going on: why did the conversion rate suddenly drop, or what is driving consistent revenue growth? I started my journey in data analytics as a Kpi analyst. For almost three years, I’d been

Why you should read this  As someone who did a Bachelors in Mathematics I was first introduced to L¹ and L² as a measure of Distance… now it seems to be a measure of error — where have we gone wrong? But jokes aside, there seems to be this misconception that L₁ and L₂ serve the same function — and

Knowledge Graphs are relevant A Knowledge Graph could be defined as a structured representation of information that connects concepts, entities, and their relationships in a way that mimics human understanding. It is often used to organise and integrate data from various sources, enabling machines to reason, infer, and retrieve relevant information more effectively. In a previous

The promise of AI agents has taken the world by storm. Agents can interact with the world around them, write articles (not this one though), take actions on your behalf, and generally make the difficult part of automating any task easy and approachable.  Agents take aim at the most difficult parts of processes and churn